Manfred monologue from the play by Lord Byron Essay Summary Example For Students

Manfred monolog from the play by Lord Byron Essay Summary A monolog from the play by Lord Byron NOTE: This monolog is reproduced from Lord Byron: Six Plays. Ruler Byron. Los Angeles: Black Box Press, 2007. MANFRED: Thou bogus monster, thou liest! My life is in its last hourâ€that I know, Nor would recover a snapshot of that hour; I don't battle against Death, yet thee What's more, thy encompassing holy messengers; my past force Was bought by no reduced with thy team, In any case, by predominant scienceâ€penance, brave, What's more, length of watching, quality of brain, and ability In information on our Fathersâ€when the earth Saw men and spirits strolling next to each other, What's more, gave ye no matchless quality: I stand Upon my strengthâ€I do defyâ€deny†Reject back, and disdain ye!†What are my violations to, for example, thee? Must violations be rebuffed however by different wrongdoings, Furthermore, more noteworthy criminals?â€Back to thy damnation! Thou hast no force upon me, that I feel; Thou never shalt have me, that I know: What I have done will be done; I bear inside A torment which could nothing pick up from thine: The Mind which is eternal makes itself Requital for its great or shrewdness thoughts†Is its own beginning of sick and end†Also, its own place and time: its intrinsic sense, At the point when deprived of this mortality, determines No shading from the short lived things without, In any case, is caught up in toleration or in satisfaction, Conceived from the information on its own desert. Thou didst not entice me, and thou couldst not entice me; I have not been thy trick, nor am thy prey†Be that as it may, was my own destroyer, and will be My own hereafter.â€Back, ye astounded rascals! The hand of Death is on meâ€but not yours!

Elucidating the p53 Signalling Network by Reverse Genetics

Explaining the p53 Signaling Network by Reverse Genetics Reiyyan Tariq Nizami Point In my exploration venture I am working with four unique strains Caenorhabditis elegans. I have been playing out a twofold freak screen utilizing a RNAi knockout library. Cep-1 is a protein that causes apoptosis because of DNA harm in the worm. The cep-1 protein is an ortholog of the human tumor silencer protein p53, which is found changed in numerous carcinogenic cells. The point of my test is to discover qualities that are controllers of cep-1 which cause lethality whenever transformed with cep-1. Then again freaks which are deadly as single freaks yet get by as twofold freaks in blend with a cep-1 freak are additionally potential qualities of intrigue. These freaks can possibly be managed by drugs/proteins to change the degrees of cep-1 and prompt/forestall apoptosis in cells. Foundation Malignancy is an infection of uncontrolled cell development in our body. Under typical conditions a cell has administrative proteins and check focuses that ensure that a cell is developing at the correct pace and in the event that in any way, shape or form the cell begins to develop unpredictably, at that point these proteins stop the cell development and cause apoptosis. Apoptosis is the modified demise of a cell, as you can envision it is firmly directed and loss of guideline can bring about fiasco for the phone and the life form. At the point when apoptosis is over dynamic, solid cells will kick the bucket and this is regularly found in sicknesses, for example, neurodegenerative maladies, hematologic ailments and numerous other tissue harm infections. Loss of apoptosis thus brings about tumors, immune system sicknesses and provocative maladies. P53 is a tumor silencer protein that was found in 1979. From that point forward a ton of research has been done into p53 and its capacities. P53 is a tumor silencer protein that is engaged with safeguard of the cell. It is actuated when a cell experiences numerous different sorts of pressure, for example, DNA harm, hypoxia, metabolic pressure and oncogene enactment. It is one of the most significant obstructions to malignant growth in numerous warm blooded creatures. P53 works in numerous different pathways, basically p53 is associated with official to translation factors that at that point actuate pathways engaged with cell resistance, for example, forestalling angiogenesis and cell development. Failing p53 is probably the best sign of malignant growth. Most of changes found in p53 are because of single nucleotide replacements in the amino acids of the DNA restricting area of the protein. Comparative dangerous phenotypes are seen when either p53 loses work because of lost capacity transformation or when negative controllers of p53 are overactive or positive controllers of p53 lose their capacity. Anyway p53 is very interesting among tumor silencer proteins in light of the fact that distinctive missense transformations in the protein can cause various degrees of p53 movement and henceforth effectsly affect the host. The impact of the change is additionally adjusted relying upon the hereditary foundation of the individual with the transformation. Because of the various impacts of different amino corrosive replacements and the shifting hereditary foundation of patients it is very hard to concentrate huge populaces. This is on the grounds that high-throughput sequencing and genome wide single nucleotide polymorphism maps are costly to acquire. The costs are going down as new advancements are opening up anyway up to this point there have been no bigger scope contemplates relating various changes to shifting degrees of dangers for various sorts of malignancies. It is likewise difficult to perform sub-atomic investigations on whole people thus explore is done on cell lines, mice and on cep-1 the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of p53. Caenorhabditis elegans is a worm in the nematodes phylum. They are a very much contemplated living being because of their simplicity of study. C. Elegans are probably the least difficult living being that have a sensory system and that make them a generally excellent model creature for neuronal investigations. They are straightforward animals thus numerous sub-atomic and cell forms particularly those associated with improvement have been completely inquired about. They have a short age time and are modest to keep up. They are an incredibly decent model life form for performing screens in light of the fact that any of their insignificant qualities can be taken out effectively by utilizing RNAi. The cep-1/p53 pathway is profoundly rationed all through development as it is a critical pathway that is basic for cell endurance after some time. The cep-1 protein works through the accompanying pathway to cause apoptosis in cells enduring DNA harm. Cep-1 à ¯Ã¦'â Egl-1/Ced-13 â€| Ced-9 â€| Ced-4 à ¯Ã¦'â Ced-3 à ¯Ã¦'â Apoptosis A comparable pathway is seen in people p53 à ¯Ã¦'â BH3 â€| Bcl2 â€| Apaf1 à ¯Ã¦'â Caspase à ¯Ã¦'â Apoptosis A greater part of these proteins are orthologs to each other. It was trusted that through my screen further proteins which connect with Cep-1 would be found and afterward their orthologs in people could be found and afterward investigated and focused to control p53. Materials and Methods The trial in itself was an amazingly basic yet tedious trial. Screens were performed with freak worm strains which were then taken care of RNAi, through Escherichia coli (E. coli), to quiet the quality of intrigue and make twofold freaks. Regardless a fluid screen is favored over a strong screen. This is on the grounds that with a fluid screen you can screen a bigger example of twofold freaks more effectively than a strong screen. Fluid Screen The accompanying strains of microorganisms and worms were used, E. Coli †OP50, C. Elegans †N2, C. Elegans †GK138, C. Elegans †LG12501. E. Coli †OP50: Food hotspot for C. Elegans C. Elegans †N2: Wild sort worms C. Elegans †GK138: Cep-1 Mutant worms C. Elegans †LG12501: Cep-1 Mutant worms RNAi Knockout library for C. Elegans Chromosome 1 Day 1: Develop worms on Nematode Growth Medium (NGM) plates with OP50 as a food hotspot for the worms. Day 3: Blanch worms that were plated on day 1 in order to just have eggs staying on plates. Twist glass bar into L shape utilizing a high temperature fire (Bunsen burner) Pipette dye onto plates with worms on them and tenderly scratch the surface to blend worms and eggs in with blanch Pipette liquid into Eppendorf cylinder and axis at max speed for 3 minutes Suction the greater part of the liquid and keep however much of the pellet as could reasonably be expected Suspend pellet with fade Rehash stages 3 and 4 Suspend pellet utilizing M9 arrangement Axis at rapid for 1 moment Suction a large portion of the liquid and keep however much of the pellet as could reasonably be expected Rehash 7 and 8 Suspend pellet utilizing M9 arrangement and vortex Eppendorf tube at low speed to blend arrangement Spot Eppendorf tubes in moderate rocker in a 20â ° cooler short-term to permit eggs to bring forth Day 4: Repeat microorganisms containing RNAi from knockout library utilizing a clean 96 pin replication apparatus into a 96 well containing Liquid Broth (LB) with Ampicillin and permit the microscopic organisms to duplicate for the time being at 37 °C in a hatchery Prompt translation of RNAi utilizing including 0.1 Molar IPTG into wells and spot in a shaker for 60 minutes. Pellet microorganisms by centrifuging in a virus rotator at 5 °C for 5 minutes at 2,500 g Evacuate the supernatant by flipping over the well rapidly however cautiously in order to keep pelleted microorganisms in the wells Suspend bacterial pellet in wells utilizing NGM Pipette creeps into wells and spot in 37 °C shaker Day 8: Expel worms from shaker delicately trying not to tilt the 96 well plates Watch and record phenotype of the worms Think about phenotype between the 3 unique strains of worms Leave worms in 20 °C ice chest short-term Day 9: Expel worms from ice chest tenderly creation sure not to tilt the 96 well plates Watch and record phenotype of the worms Think about phenotype from earlier day Analyze phenotype between the 3 unique strains of worms Sequencing After potential hits were found in the fluid screen the RNAi from these microscopic organisms were sequenced to guarantee that the grouping of the RNAi was right and hadn’t haphazardly transformed over the long haul. RNAi was set up by utilizing a Qiagen miniprep turn pack. Suspend microbes in 250  µl Buffer P1 and spot in a microcentrifuge tube Blend 250  µl Buffer P2 and shake the blend by flipping tube over a couple of times To the blend include 350  µl N3 cradle, blend well rapidly Rotator at 13000 rpm for ten minutes Suction supernatant into new cylinder Rotator again for an around 1 moment and dispose of the move through Wash turn segment with 0.5 ml PB support and rotator for 1 moment, dispose of course through Wash turn segment with 0.75 ml PE support and rotator for 1 moment Dispose of move through and rotator at greatest speed for 1 moment Spot prep segment in a disinfected 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube Add 50 ÃŽ ¼l of water to prepare turn segment and permit to rest for 1 moment after which rotator for 1 moment After the Qiagen miniprep is finished the cylinders were sent for sequencing to The Center for Applied Genomics where it was sequenced and results were acquired inside seven days. Strong Screen Strong screens were performed on qualities which were found to have expanded lethality with cep-1 cancellation or expanded survivability with cep-1 erasure. The accompanying strains of microscopic organisms and worms were used, E. coli †OP50, C. Elegans †N2, C. Elegans †TG12 E. Coli †OP50: Food hotspot for C. Elegans C. Elegans †N2: Wild sort worms C. Elegans †TG12: Cep-1 Fluorescent labeled (GFP) worms C. Elegans †Ned-8: Positive control C. Elegans †HT115: Negative control RNAi Knockout library for C. Elegans Chromosome 1 Day 1) Streak RNAi microscopic organisms of enthusiasm from RNAi Library to get single states. Permit them to become for the time being in 37 °C hatchery Day 2) Pick and grow a solitary state in 5 ml of LB + Amp + Tet short-term in a 37 °C shaker

Research Paper Writing Service - Tips For Writing Your Own Research Paper

Research Paper Writing Service - Tips For Writing Your Own Research PaperEvery day, hundreds of people all around the world are coming to the attention of a research paper writing service because they need help writing their research papers. Now, this may not be surprising but it is good to know just how many of these people are actually reading this article and deciding to follow a few tips for writing your own research paper.The first thing that you need to do is understand what needs to be done and to get started on this process. You should take time to read the instructions of a writing service before you start writing. This will give you a better idea of what kind of project that you are dealing with.The next thing that you need to do is take the time to find the right research paper writing service that you are going to work with. You need to remember that this can be very overwhelming for you as well so you want to make sure that you are doing this by taking the time to really look at what they offer. Find out where they are located so that you can call them or send an email to ask some questions about what they offer. Even if you are going to do this yourself, there is no reason that you can't ask them questions so that you have a better idea of what services they offer.Once you find one, you should begin to gather some basic information about their writing services and what they can do for you. This can give you a good feel for what you need to do to ensure that your research paper will be something that you are proud of when it is done. You can even see just how easy the entire process will be for you.Finally, you should decide what it is that you want to write about and how you want to organize your research paper. You need to make sure that you think through all of your options because you might find that you have no options when it comes to research papers. Thisis why you need to have an organized way to get started on the first step of the process which is to start writing.After you have decided what you want to write about, you can then determine what you are going to do with your research paper. This means that you should figure out what you want to cover in your research paper before you start writing. This is important because you don't want to get sidetracked as you begin writing because you just can't figure out what to write about.The last thing that you need to do is make sure that you can afford to work with the writing service. As you can see, there are many out there and you need to make sure that you are taking the time to choose the best one for you. Remember that this will be your first project so you need to make sure that you are getting the best out of it for you.So, there you have it! A few tips for writing your own research paper and how you can get some great results for yourself. We hope that you take the time to get some help writing your research paper because it can make all the difference in the worl d.

The Life of Charles Dickens Reflected in Great...

The Life of Charles Dickens Reflected in Great Expectations I must entreat you to pause for an instant, and go back to what you know of my childish days, and to ask yourself whether it is natural that something of the character formed in me then - Charles Dickens Charles Dickens is well known for his distinctive writing style. Few authors before or since are as adept at bringing a character to life for the reader as he was. His novels are populated with characters who seem real to his readers, perhaps even reminding them of someone they know. What readers may not know, however, is that Dickens often based some of his most famous characters, those both beloved or reviled, on people in his own life. It is†¦show more content†¦Early in the novel the reader learns that Pip is an orphan who was brought up by hand by his sister. Mrs. Joe is a hard woman who sees Pip as nothing more than a burden inflicted upon her. Although Dickens had a mother, she, too, was emotionally distant and Dickens never afterwards forgot...that my mother was warm for my being sent back to the blacking warehouse. By creating this mockery of his mother, Dickens was able to express the long-standing grievances he held against her because of his painful ch ildhood. Similarly, Joe Gargery, the closest thing Pip has to a father figure, is much like Dickens father, John. Joe is described as a mild, good-natured, sweet-tempered, easygoing, foolish, dear fellow - a sort of Hercules in strength, and also in weakness (28; ch. 2). Joe is always kind, even somewhat indulgent, to the young Pip. While Pip is perpetually brow-beaten by his shrew of a sister, Joe stands up for him in his own quiet way. Likewise, Dickens was well aware that it was only through his fathers insistence that he was allowed to go back to school rather than Warrens Blacking. Dickens own recollection of his father is quite similar to the traits Pip uses to describe Joe. Dickens described his father as a kindhearted and generous as ever lived in the world. Everything that I can remember ofShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations and a Christmas Carol: a True Gentleman Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations and A Christmas Carol: A True Gentleman According to Dictionary.com, a gentleman is a civilized, educated, sensitive, or well-mannered man. However, by Victorian definition, a gentleman was, perhaps most importantly, a rich man. â€Å"Charles Dickens†¦was an author of relatively humble origins who desired passionately to be recognized as a gentleman, and insisted, in consequence, upon the essential dignity of his occupation† (Victorian Web). 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Later, Dickens fell in love withRead MoreCharles Dickens: A Brief Biography Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pages Charles Dickens Ruth Glancy, a world-renowned Dickens scholar, believed that Charles Dickens blended the Romanticism era, the Industrial age, and the Victorian era into unforgettable novels that still had the whimsical, imaginative part of life. Ruth conceded, â€Å" Dickens increasingly saw the need for finding and nurturing the imaginative core of life that can prevail even in the middle of the modern industrial city (Glancy 17).† Charles used his own experiences and imagination to evoke stories

The Golden Compass Chapter Twenty Free Essays

Chapter Twenty Mortal Combat Fights between bears were common, and the subject of much ritual. For a bear to kill another was rare, though, and when that happened it was usually by accident, or when one bear mistook the signals from another, as in the case of lorek Byrnison. Cases of straightforward murder, like lofur’s killing of his own father, were rarer still. We will write a custom essay sample on The Golden Compass Chapter Twenty or any similar topic only for you Order Now But occasionally there came circumstances in which the only way of settling a dispute was a fight to the death. And for that, a whole ceremonial was prescribed. As soon as lofur announced that lorek Byrnison was on his way, and a combat would take place, the combat ground was swept and smoothed, and armorers came up from the fire mines to check lofur’s armor. Every rivet was examined, every link tested, and the plates were burnished with the finest sand. Just as much attention was paid to his claws. The gold leaf was rubbed off, and each separate six-inch hook was sharpened and filed to a deadly point. Lyra watched with a growing sickness in the pit of her stomach, for lorek Byrnison wouldn’t be having this attention; he had been marching over the ice for nearly twenty-four hours already without rest or food; he might have been injured in the crash. And she had let him in for this fight without his knowledge. At one point, after lofur Raknison had tested the sharpness of his claws on a fresh-killed walrus, slicing its skin open like paper, and the power of his crashing blows on the walrus’s skull (two blows, and it was c racked like an egg), Lyra had to make an excuse to lofur and go away by herself to weep with fear. Even Pantalaimon, who could normally cheer her up, had little to say that was hopeful. All she could do was consult the alethiometer: he is an hour away, it told her, and again, she must trust him; and (this was harder to read) she even thought it was rebuking her for asking the same question twice. By this time, word had spread among the bears, and every part of the combat ground was crowded. Bears of high rank had the best places, and there was a special enclosure for the she-bears, including, of course, lofur’s wives. Lyra was profoundly curious about she-bears, because she knew so little about them, but this was no time to wander about asking questions. Instead she stayed close to lofur Raknison and watched the courtiers around him assert their rank over the common bears from outside, and tried to guess the meaning of the various plumes and badges and tokens they all seemed to wear. Some of the highest-ranking, she saw, carried little manikins like lofur’s rag-doll daemon, trying to curry favor, perhaps, by imitating the fashion he’d begun. She was sardonically pleased to notice that when they saw that lofur had discarded his, they didn’t know what to do with theirs. Should they throw them away? Were they out of favor now? How should they behave? Because that was the prevailing mood in his court, she was beginning to see. They weren’t sure what they were. They weren’t like lorek Byrnison, pure and certain and absolute; there was a constant pall of uncertainty hanging over them, as they watched one another and watched lofur. And they watched her, with open curiosity. She remained modestly close to lofur and said nothing, lowering her eyes whenever a bear looked at her. The fog had lifted by this time, and the air was clear; and as chance would have it, the brief lifting of darkness toward noon coincided with the time Lyra thought lorek was going to arrive. As she stood shivering on a little rise of dense-packed snow at the edge of the combat ground, she looked up toward the faint lightness in the sky, and longed with all her heart to see a flight of ragged elegant black shapes descending to bear her away; or to see the Aurora’s hidden city, where she would be able to walk safely along those broad boulevards in the sunlight; or to see Ma Costa’s broad arms, to smell the friendly smells of flesh and cooking that enfolded you in her presence†¦. She found herself crying, with tears that froze almost as soon as they formed, and which she had to brush away painfully. She was so frightened. Bears, who didn’t cry, couldn’t understand what was happening to her; it was some human process, meaningless. And of course Pantalaimon couldn’t comfort her as he normally would, though she kept her hand in her pocket firmly around his warm little mouse-form, and he nuzzled at her fingers. Beside her, the smiths were making the final adjustments to lofur Raknison’s armor. He reared like a great metal tower, shining in polished steel, the smooth plates inlaid with wires of gold; his helmet enclosed the upper part of his head in a glistening carapace of silver-gray, with deep eye slits; and the underside of his body was protected by a close-fitting sark of chain mail. It was when she saw this that Lyra realized that she had betrayed lorek Byrnison, for lorek had nothing like it. His armor protected only his back and sides. She looked at lofur Raknison, so sleek and powerful, and felt a deep sickness in her, like guilt and fear combined. She said â€Å"Excuse me, Your Majesty, if you remember what I said to you before†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her shaking voice felt thin and weak in the air. lofur Raknison turned his mighty head, distracted from the target three bears were holding up in front for him to slash at with his perfect claws. â€Å"Yes? Yes?† â€Å"Remember, I said I’d better go and speak to lorek Byrnison first, and pretend – â€Å" But before she could even finish her sentence, there was a roar from the bears on the watchtower. The others all knew what it meant and took it up with a triumphant excitement. They had seen lorek. â€Å"Please?† Lyra said urgently. â€Å"I’ll fool him, you’ll see.† â€Å"Yes. Yes. Go now. Go and encourage him!† lofur Raknison was hardly able to speak for rage and excitement. Lyra left his side and walked across the combat ground, bare and clear as it was, leaving her little footprints in the snow, and the bears on the far side parted to let her through. As their great bodies lumbered aside, the horizon opened, gloomy in the pallor of the light. Where was lorek Byrnison? She could see nothing; but then, the watchtower was high, and they could see what was still hidden from her. All she could do was walk forward in the snow. He saw her before she saw him. There was a bounding and a heavy clank of metal, and in a flurry of snow lorek Byrnison stood beside her. â€Å"Oh, lorek! I’ve done a terrible thing! My dear, you’re going to have to fight lofur Raknison, and you en’t ready – you’re tired and hungry, and your armor’s – â€Å" â€Å"What terrible thing?† â€Å"I told him you was coming, because I read it on the symbol reader; and he’s desperate to be like a person and have a daemon, just desperate. So I tricked him into thinking that I was your daemon, and I was going to desert you and be his instead, but he had to fight you to make it happen. Because otherwise, lorek, dear, they’d never let you fight, they were going to just burn you up before you got close – â€Å" â€Å"You tricked lofur Raknison?† â€Å"Yes. I made him agree that he’d fight you instead of just killing you straight off like an outcast, and the winner would be king of the bears. I had to do that, because – â€Å" â€Å"Belacqua? No. You are Lyra Silvertongue,† he said. â€Å"To fight him is all I want. Come, little daemon.† She looked at lorek Byrnison in his battered armor, lean and ferocious, and felt as if her heart would burst with pride. They walked together toward the massive hulk of lofur’s palace, where the combat ground lay flat and open at the foot of the walls. Bears clustered at the battlements, white faces filled every window, and their heavy forms stood like a dense wall of misty white ahead, marked with the black dots of eyes and noses. The nearest ones moved aside, making two lines for lorek Byrnison and his daemon to walk between. Every bear’s eyes were fixed on them. lorek halted across the combat ground from lofur Raknison. The king came down from the rise of trodden snow, and the two bears faced each other several yards apart. Lyra was so close to lorek that she could feel a trembling in him like a great dynamo, generating mighty anbaric forces. She touched him briefly on the neck at the edge of his helmet and said, â€Å"Fight well, lorek my dear. You’re the real king, and he en’t. He’s nothing.† Then she stood back. â€Å"Bears!† lorek Byrnison roared. An echo rang back from the palace walls and startled birds out of their nests. He went on: â€Å"The terms of this combat are these. If lofur Raknison kills me, then he will be king forever, safe from challenge or dispute. If I kill lofur Raknison, I shall be your king. My first order to you all will be to tear down that palace, that perfumed house of mockery and tinsel, and hurl the gold and marble into the sea. Iron is bear-metal. Gold is not. lofur Raknison has polluted Svalbard. I have come to cleanse it. lofur Raknison, I challenge you.† Then lofur bounded forward a step or two, as if he could hardly hold himself back. â€Å"Bears!† he roared in his turn. â€Å"lorek Byrnison has come back at my invitation. I drew him here. It is for me to make the terms of this combat, and they are these: if I kill lorek Byrnison, his flesh shall be torn apart and scattered to the cliff-ghasts. His head shall be displayed above my palace. His memory shall be obliterated. It shall be a capital crime to speak his name†¦.† He continued, and then each bear spoke again. It was a formula, a ritual faithfully followed. Lyra looked at the two of them, so utterly different: lofur so glossy and powerful, immense in his strength and health, splendidly armored, proud and kinglike; and lorek smaller, though she had never thought he would look small, and poorly equipped, his armor rusty and dented. But his armor was his soul. He had made it and it fitted him. They were one. lofur was not content with his armor; he wanted another soul as well. He was restless while lorek was still. And she was aware that all the other bears were making the comparison too. But lorek and lofur were more than just two bears. There were two kinds of beardom opposed here, two futures, two destinies. lofur had begun to take them in one direction, and lorek would take them in another, and in the same moment, one future would close forever as the other began to unfold. As their ritual combat moved toward the second phase, the two bears began to prowl restlessly on the snow, edging forward, swinging their heads. There was not a flicker of movement from the spectators: but all eyes followed them. Finally the warriors were still and silent, watching each other face to face across the width of the combat ground. Then with a roar and a blur of snow both bears moved at the same moment. Like two great masses of rock balanced on adjoining peaks and shaken loose by an earthquake, which bound down the mountainsides gathering speed, leaping over crevasses and knocking trees into splinters, until they crash into each other so hard that both are smashed to powder and flying chips of stone: that was how the two bears came together. The crash as they met resounded in the still air and echoed back from the palace wall. But they weren’t destroyed, as rock would have been. They both fell aside, and the first to rise was lorek. He twisted up in a lithe spring and grappled with lofur, whose armor had been damaged by the collision and who couldn’t easily raise his head. lorek made at once for the vulnerable gap at his neck. He raked the white fur, and then hooked his claws beneath the edge of lofur’s helmet and wrenched it forward. Sensing the danger, lofur snarled and shook himself as Lyra had seen lorek shake himself at the water’s edge, sending sheets of water flying high into the air. And lorek fell away, dislodged, and with a screech of twisting metal lofur stood up tall, straightening the steel of his back plates by sheer strength. Then like an avalanche he hurled himself down on lorek, who was still trying to rise. Lyra felt her own breath knocked out of her by the force of that crashing fall. Certainly the very ground shook beneath her. How could lorek survive that? He was struggling to twist himself and gain a purchase on the ground, but his feet were uppermost, and lofur had fixed his teeth somewhere near lorek’s throat. Drops of hot blood were flying through the air: one landed on Lyra’s furs, and she pressed her hand to it like a token of love. Then lorek’s rear claws dug into the links of lofur’s chain-mail sark and ripped downward. The whole front came away, and lofur lurched sideways to look at the damage, leaving lorek to scramble upright again. For a moment the two bears stood apart, getting their breath back. lofur was hampered now by that chain mail, because from a protection it had changed all at once into a hindrance: it was still fastened at the bottom, and trailed around his rear legs. However, lorek was worse off. He was bleeding freely from a wound at his neck, and panting heavily. But he leaped at lofur before the king could disentangle himself from the clinging chain mail, and knocked him head over heels, following up with a lunge at the bare part of lofur’s neck, where the edge of the helmet was bent. lofur threw him off, and then the two bears were at each other again, throwing up fountains of snow that sprayed in all directions and sometimes made it hard to see who had the advantage. Lyra watched, hardly daring to breathe, and squeezing her hands together so tight it hurt. She thought she saw lofur tearing at a wound in lorek’s belly, but that couldn’t be right, because a moment later, after another convulsive explosion of snow, both bears were standing upright like boxers, and lorek was slashing with mighty claws at lofur’s face, with lofur hitting back just as savagely. Lyra trembled at the weight of those blows. As if a giant were swinging a sledgehammer, and that hammer were armed with five steel spikes†¦ Iron clanged on iron, teeth crashed on teeth, breath roared harshly, feet thundered on the hard-packed ground. The snow around was splashed with red and trodden down for yards into a crimson mud. lofur’s armor was in a pitiful state by this time, the plates torn and distorted, the gold inlay torn out or smeared thickly with blood, and his helmet gone altogether. lorek’s was in much better condition, for all its ugliness: dented, but intact, standing up far better to the great sledgehammer blows of the bear-king, and turning aside those brutal six-inch claws. But against that, lofur was bigger and stronger than lorek, and lorek was weary and hungry, and had lost more blood. He was wounded in the belly, on both arms, and at the neck, whereas lofur was bleeding only from his lower jaw. Lyra longed to help her dear friend, but what could she do? And it was going badly for lorek now. He was limping; every time he put his left forepaw on the ground, they could see that it hardly bore his weight. He never used it to strike with, and the blows from his right hand were feebler, too, almost little pats compared with the mighty crushing buffets he’d delivered only a few minutes before. lofur had noticed. He began to taunt lorek, calling him broken-hand, whimpering cub, rust-eaten, soon-to-die, and other names, all the while swinging blows at him from right and left which lorek could no longer parry. lorek had to move backward, a step at a time, and to crouch low under the rain of blows from the jeering bear-king. Lyra was in tears. Her dear, her brave one, her fearless defender, was going to die, and she would not do him the treachery of looking away, for if he looked at her he must see her shining eyes and their love and belief, not a face hidden in cowardice or a shoulder fearfully turned away. So she looked, but her tears kept her from seeing what was really happening, and perhaps it would not have been visible to her anyway. It certainly was not seen by lofur. Because lorek was moving backward only to find clean dry footing and a firm rock to leap up from, and the useless left arm was really fresh and strong. You could not trick a bear, but, as Lyra had shown him, lofur did not want to be a bear, he wanted to be a man; and lorek was tricking him. At last he found what he wanted: a firm rock deep-anchored in the permafrost. He backed against it, tensing his legs and choosing his moment. It came when lofur reared high above, bellowing his triumph, and turning his head tauntingly toward lorek’s apparently weak left side. That was when lorek moved. Like a wave that has been building its strength over a thousand miles of ocean, and which makes little stir in the deep water, but which when it reaches the shallows rears itself up high into the sky, terrifying the shore dwellers, before crashing down on the land with irresistible power – so lorek Byrnison rose up against lofur, exploding upward from his firm footing on the dry rock and slashing with a ferocious left hand at the exposed jaw of lofur Raknison. It was a horrifying blow. It tore the lower part of his jaw clean off, so that it flew through the air scattering blood drops in the snow many yards away. lofur’s red tongue lolled down, dripping over his open throat. The bear-king was suddenly voiceless, biteless, helpless, lorek needed nothing more. He lunged, and then his teeth were in lofur’s throat, and he shook and shook this way, that way, lifting the huge body off the ground and battering it down as if lofur were no more than a seal at the water’s edge. Then he ripped upward, and lofur Raknison’s life came away in his teeth. There was one ritual yet to perform. lorek sliced open the dead king’s unprotected chest, peeling the fur back to expose the narrow white and red ribs like the timbers of an upturned boat. Into the rib cage lorek reached, and he plucked out lofur’s heart, red and steaming, and ate it there in front of lofur’s subjects. Then there was acclamation, pandemonium, a crush of bears surging forward to pay homage to lofur’s conqueror. lorek Byrnison’s voice rose above the clamor. â€Å"Bears! Who is your king?† And the cry came back, in a roar like that of all the sea-smooth pebbles in the world in an ocean-battering storm: â€Å"lorek Byrnison!† The bears knew what they must do. Every single badge and sash and coronet was thrown off at once and trampled contemptuously underfoot, to be forgotten in a moment. They were lorek’s bears now, and true bears, not uncertain semi-humans conscious only of a torturing inferiority. They swarmed to the palace and began to hurl great blocks of marble from the topmost towers, rocking the battlemented walls with their mighty fists until the stones came loose, and then hurling them over the cliffs to crash on the jetty hundreds of feet below. lorek ignored them and unhooked his armor to attend to his wounds, but before he could begin, Lyra was beside him, stamping her foot on the frozen scarlet snow and shouting to the bears to stop smashing the palace, because there were prisoners inside. They didn’t hear, but lorek did, and when he roared they stopped at once. â€Å"Human prisoners?† lorek said. â€Å"Yes – lofur Raknison put them in the dungeons – they ought to come out first and get shelter somewhere, else they’ll be killed with all the falling rocks – â€Å" lorek gave swift orders, and some bears hurried into the palace to release the prisoners. Lyra turned to lorek. â€Å"Let me help you – I want to make sure you en’t too badly hurt, lorek dear – oh, I wish there was some bandages or something! That’s an awful cut on your belly – â€Å" A bear laid a mouthful of some stiff green stuff, thickly frosted, on the ground at lorek’s feet. â€Å"Bloodmoss,† said lorek. â€Å"Press it in the wounds for me, Lyra. Fold the flesh over it and then hold some snow there till it freezes.† He wouldn’t let any bears attend to him, despite their eagerness. Besides, Lyra’s hands were deft, and she was desperate to help; so the small human bent over the great bear-king, packing in the bloodmoss and freezing the raw flesh till it stopped bleeding. When she had finished, her mittens were sodden with lorek’s blood, but his wounds were stanched. And by that time the prisoners – a dozen or so men, shivering and blinking and huddling together – had come out. There was no point in talking to the professor, Lyra decided, because the poor man was mad; and she would have liked to know who the other men were, but there were many other urgent things to do. And she didn’t want to distract lorek, who was giving rapid orders and sending bears scurrying this way and that, but she was anxious about Roger, and about Lee Scoresby and the witches, and she was hungry and tired†¦. She thought the best thing she could do just then was to keep out of the way. So she curled up in a quiet corner of the combat ground with Pantalaimon as a wolverine to keep her warm, and piled snow over herself as a bear would do, and went to sleep. Something nudged her foot, and a strange bear voice said, â€Å"Lyra Silvertongue, the king wants you.† She woke up nearly dead with cold, and couldn’t open her eyes, for they had frozen shut; but Pantalaimon licked them to melt the ice on her eyelashes, and soon she was able to see the young bear speaking to her in the moonlight. She tried to stand, but fell over twice. The bear said, â€Å"Ride on me,† and crouched to offer his broad back, and half-clinging, half-falling, she managed to stay on while he took her to a steep hollow, where many bears were assembled. And among them was a small figure who ran toward her, and whose daemon leaped up to greet Pantalaimon. â€Å"Roger!† she said. â€Å"lorek Byrnison made me stay out there in the snow while he came to fetch you away – we fell out the balloon, Lyra! After you fell out, we got carried miles and miles, and then Mr. Scoresby let some more gas out and we crashed into a mountain, and we fell down such a slope like you never seen! And I don’t know where Mr. Scoresby is now, nor the witches. There was just me and lorek Byrnison. He come straight back this way to look for you. And they told me about his fight†¦.† Lyra looked around. Under the direction of an older bear, the human prisoners were building a shelter out of driftwood and scraps of canvas. They seemed pleased to have some work to do. One of them was striking a flint to light a fire. â€Å"There is food,† said the young bear who had woken Lyra. A fresh seal lay on the snow. The bear sliced it open with a claw and showed Lyra where to find the kidneys. She ate one raw: it was warm and soft and delicious beyond imagining. â€Å"Eat the blubber too,† said the bear, and tore off a piece for her. It tasted of cream flavored with hazelnuts. Roger hesitated, but followed her example. They ate greedily, and within a very few minutes Lyra was fully awake and beginning to be warm. Wiping her mouth, she looked around, but lorek was not in sight. â€Å"lorek Byrnison is speaking with his counselors,† said the young bear. â€Å"He wants to see you when you have eaten. Follow me.† He led them over a rise in the snow to a spot where bears were beginning to build a wall of ice blocks. lorek sat at the center of a group of older bears, and he rose to greet her. â€Å"Lyra Silvertongue,† he said. â€Å"Come and hear what I am being told.† He didn’t explain her presence to the other bears, or perhaps they had learned about her already; but they made room for her and treated her with immense courtesy, as if she were a queen. She felt proud beyond measure to sit beside her friend lorek Byrnison under the Aurora as it flickered gracefully in the polar sky, and join the conversation of the bears. It turned out that lofur Raknison’s dominance over them had been like a spell. Some of them put it down to the influence of Mrs. Coulter, who had visited him before lorek’s exile, though lorek had not known about it, and given lofur various presents. â€Å"She gave him a drug,† said one bear, â€Å"which he fed secretly to Hjalmur Hjalmurson, and made him forget himself.† Hjalmur Hjalmurson, Lyra gathered, was the bear whom lorek had killed, and whose death had brought about his exile. So Mrs. Coulter was behind that! And there was more. â€Å"There are human laws that prevent certain things that she was planning to do, but human laws don’t apply on Svalbard. She wanted to set up another station here like Bolvangar, only worse, and lofur was going to allow her to do it, against all the custom of the bears; because humans have visited, or been imprisoned, but never lived and worked here. Little by little she was going to increase her power over lofur Raknison, and his over us, until we were her creatures running back and forth at her bidding, and our only duty to guard the abomination she was going to create†¦.† That was an old bear speaking. His name was S0ren Eisarson, and he was a counselor, one who had suffered under lofur Raknison. â€Å"What is she doing now, Lyra?† said lorek Byrnison. â€Å"Once she hears of lofur’s death, what will her plans be?† Lyra took out the alethiometer. There was not much light to see it by, and lorek commanded that a torch be brought. â€Å"What happened to Mr. Scoresby?† Lyra said while they were waiting. â€Å"And the witches?† â€Å"The witches were attacked by another witch clan. I don’t know if the others were allied to the child cutters, but they were patrolling our skies in vast numbers, and they attacked in the storm. I didn’t see what happened to Serafina Pekkala. As for Lee Scoresby, the balloon soared up again after I fell out with the boy, taking him with it. But your symbol reader will tell you what their fate is.† A bear pulled up a sledge on which a cauldron of charcoal was smoldering, and thrust a resinous branch into the heart of it. The branch caught at once, and in its glare Lyra turned the hands of the alethiometer and asked about Lee Scoresby. It turned out that he was still aloft, borne by the winds toward Nova Zembla, and that he had been unharmed by the cliff-ghasts and had fought off the other witch clan. Lyra told lorek, and he nodded, satisfied. â€Å"If he is in the air, he will be safe,† he said. â€Å"What of Mrs. Coulter?† The answer was complicated, with the needle swinging from symbol to symbol in a sequence that made Lyra puzzle for a long time. The bears were curious, but restrained by their respect for lorek Byrnison, and his for Lyra, and she put them out of her mind and sank again into the alethiometric trance. The play of symbols, once she had discovered the pattern of it, was dismaying. â€Å"It says she’s†¦She’s heard about us flying this way, and she’s got a transport zeppelin that’s armed with machine guns – I think that’s it – and they’re a flying to Svalbard right now. She don’t know yet about lofur Raknison being beaten, of course, but she will soon because†¦Oh yes, because some witches will tell her, and they’ll learn it from the cliff-ghasts. So I reckon there are spies in the air all around, lorek. She was coming to†¦to pretend to help lofur Raknison, but really she was going to take over power from him, with a regiment of Tartars that’s a coming by sea, and they’ll be here in a couple of days. â€Å"And as soon as she can, she’s going to where Lord Asriel is kept prisoner, and she’s intending to have him killed. Because †¦It’s coming clear now: something I never understood before, lorek! It’s why she wants to kill Lord Asriel: it’s because she knows what he’s going to do, and she fears it, and she wants to do it herself and gain control before he does†¦.It must be the city in the sky, it must be! She’s trying to get to it first! And now it’s telling me something else†¦.† She bent over the instrument, concentrating furiously as the needle darted this way and that. It moved almost too fast to follow; Roger, looking over her shoulder, couldn’t even see it stop, and was conscious only of a swift nickering dialogue between Lyra’s fingers turning the hands and the needle answering, as bewilderingly unlike language as the Aurora was. â€Å"Yes,† she said finally, putting the instrument down in her lap and blinking and sighing as she woke out of her profound concentration. â€Å"Yes, I see what it says. She’s after me again. She wants something I’ve got, because Lord Asriel wants it too. They need it for this†¦for this experiment, whatever it is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She stopped there, to take a deep breath. Something was troubling her, and she didn’t know what it was. She was sure that this something that was so important was the alethiome-ter itself, because after all, Mrs. Coulter had wanted it, and what else could it be? And yet it wasn’t, because the alethiometer had a different way of referring to itself, and this wasn’t it. â€Å"I suppose it’s the alethiometer,† she said unhappily. â€Å"It’s what I thought all along. I’ve got to take it to Lord Asriel before she gets it. If she gets it, we’ll all die.† As she said that, she felt so tired, so bone-deep weary and sad, that to die would have been a relief. But the example of lorek kept her from admitting it. She put the alethiometer away and sat up straight. â€Å"How far away is she ?† said lorek. â€Å"Just a few hours. I suppose I ought to take the alethiometer to Lord Asriel as soon as I can.† â€Å"I will go with you,† said lorek. She didn’t argue. While lorek gave commands and organized an armed squad to accompany them on the final part of their journey north, Lyra sat still, conserving her energy. She felt that something had gone out of her during that last reading. She closed her eyes and slept, and presently they woke her and set off. How to cite The Golden Compass Chapter Twenty, Essay examples

The Role of Non-State Actors Essay Example

The Role of Non-State Actors Paper The end of the Cold War, economic globalization, and the windstorm of technological innovation have all contributed to the new world of diplomacy. But you, as representatives of several hundred non-governmental organizations (NGOs) here today, are one of the chief agents of the sea of change taking place in foreign affairs. NGOs, international organizations, public interest groups, multinational corporations, educational and cultural organizations, and other so-called non-state actors all were once on the periphery of what has been called traditional diplomacy; no longer. Whether worldwide relief operations, human rights, landmines, climate change and biodiversity, infectious disease and HIV/ AIDS, trade reform and antipoverty programs, the NGO community has fundamentally altered the rules of international engagement. Thomas R. Pickering, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Remarks, at the National Foreign Policy Conference For Leaders of Non-Governmental Organizations U.S. Department of State, May 19, 2000  The reason I chose to start with this quote is because it captures, perfectly, the escalating importance of non-state actors in international relations and diplomacy. The world today is different from how it was pre-20th Century, whereby states were the main and only actors in world politics, hence diplomacy was constricted to a narrow sphere, catered specifically to the advancement of states personal interests. The most important issues on the agenda of this traditional diplomacy were those of war and peace, and issues related to the acquisition of territory or thrones. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Non-State Actors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Non-State Actors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Non-State Actors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After World War One, when the European century of peace came to a shattering end, international diplomacy began to shift from its bilateral structure to a more multilateral one, consequently yielding much more specialized agendas than before. This type of diplomacy, or new diplomacy, involved less secrecy than traditional diplomacy, and introduced a specific international organization which would serve as on official forum for diplomacy. After World War One, the League of Nations assumed this role. However, its effectiveness was extremely undermined with the outbreak of World War Two, a proof of its failed attempt to settle disputes in a peaceful manner, and to deter another world war by setting up a Wilsonian view of collective security. The League of Nations was eventually replaced by the UN, after World War Two; a second attempt to avert the catastrophic consequences of war. However, the UN lost much of its diplomatic potential with the beginning of the Cold War, which spanned over 40 years, and thwarted any collective agreements on peace and security. International diplomacy was, in effect, bilateral, with talks only being engaged by the two major superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States. This Cold War diplomacy was fixated on one object: the necessity of averting a nuclear war. Due to the risky nature of this diplomacy, another one of its objectives was crises management, like in the settling of the Cuban Missile Crisis.  Today, after the crumbling of the Soviet Union, and the end of the Cold War, the world has undergone radical changes in every domain, be it political, economical, or social. Diplomacy is not confined to the level of states, nor is it associated with two superpowers (though some argue today that current diplomacy is distorted to accommodate the U.S.s interests). It has taken on a global scope, with functions more diversified and specialized than ever. No more can we talk of international diplomacy without the mention of transnational corporations, non-governmental organizations, and other non-state actors. This view is heralded by the pluralists who view that all types of actors can affect political outcomes. Even the state-oriented realists admit that certain non-state actors have come to play a noteworthy role in international relations. However, they restrict the non-state actors role to Low Politics, of economics, social issues, and human rights, and argue that it is only the states themselves that can determine High Politics of peace and security. Contradictory to this realist proposition, there have been many incidences where the non-state actors themselves have had more political command than individual governments. They have the power to make or break a country. This was the case in Indonesia for example, in early 1998, where transnational corporations helped trigger the uprising that ousted President Suharto from power by undercutting the Indonesian currency and markets- to an extent that the Indonesian public and army lost all confidence in his leadership. In essence, the transnational corporations have taken on such importance that they often form the backbone of the individual economies, especially in an era of globalization and increased interconnectivity and interdependence. Because these corporations are based in many countries, it is difficult, almost impossible to reduce them down to one specific country. They are global in nature, and care to maximize their profits by minimizing taxes by setting transfer prices, and avoid abiding by government policies by arbitrage and triangulation of trade. The sheer enormity of these firms is evident from the World Banks report that the share of total world output by the local affiliated factories of multinational corporations has gone from 4.5 % of world Gross Domestic Product in 1970 to double that amount today! In fact, the 50 largest transnational industrial companies have an annual sales revenue greater than the GNP of 132 members of the United Nations.1 With increased diplomatic attention on social and welfare issues, NGOs have also gained considerable power in world politics. Whereas the TNCs gain influence by controlling economic resources, the NGOs gain influence by taking advantage of improved communications that make it very simple and cheap for them to acquire transnational roles. NGOs can speak to and speak for the poor, the disenfranchised, the minorities and others in society to make sure that the needs and desires of the people are heard and responded to by development institutions on a national and international level. NGOs also serve an important role as watchdogs pointing out where governments and corporations need to improve their performance, and serving to enforce the operation of checks and balances that characterize democratic society. However, NGOs need support to do their work.2 That is why most of the time, they are compelled to work in coordination with governments, and have less leverage than the economic oriented TNCs. Nevertheless, true to the pluralist view, the NGOs themselves along with other environmental movements have been responsible for shifting the insular view of development as increasing a countrys Gross National Product, to include providing for peoples needs and using resources in a sustainable way. Even other non-sate actors such as liberalist movements and guerilla groups have succeeded in gaining official diplomatic recognition. The Palestine Liberation Organization and the South West African Peoples Organization are two groups that were allowed membership in the Group of 77 in the 1970s, as well as observer status in the UN General assembly.  In short, even though the power of non-state actors relative to states themselves remains contestable, the fact that they play momentous roles in international diplomacy is a reality necessarily associated with the advent of globalization, and the global economic interdependence as well as the facilitated modes of communication it brings with it. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Baylis and Smith, Chapters 15 and 17, pp.316-330 and pp. 356-381. 2. The Lexus and the Olive Tree, Thomas Friedman 3. Four Variations on the theme of Diplomacy, http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/WO0005/S00121.htm 4. Role of NGOs in international development,  http://www.hyogo-ip.or.jp/hiaf/eg/comehia/200012/

Geodesy and the Earths Size and Shape

Geodesy and the Earths Size and Shape Earth, with an average distance of 92,955,820 miles (149,597,890 km) from the sun, is the third planet and one of the most unique planets in the solar system. It formed around 4.5 to 4.6 billion years ago and is the only planet known to sustain life. This is because of factors like its atmospheric composition and physical properties such as the presence of water over 70.8% of the planet allow life to thrive. Earth is also unique however because it is the largest of the terrestrial planets (one that have a thin layer of rocks on the surface as opposed to those that are mostly made up of gases like Jupiter or Saturn) based on its mass, density, and diameter. Earth is also the fifth largest planet in the entire solar system. Earths Size As the largest of the terrestrial planets, Earth has an estimated mass of 5.9736 Ãâ€" 1024 kg. Its volume is also the largest of these planets at 108.321 Ãâ€" 1010km3. In addition, Earth is the densest of the terrestrial planets as it is made up of a crust, mantle, and core. The Earths crust is the thinnest of these layers while the mantle comprises 84% of Earths volume and extends 1,800 miles (2,900 km) below the surface. What makes Earth the densest of these planets, however, is its core. It is the only terrestrial planet with a liquid outer core that surrounds a solid, dense inner core. Earths average density is 5515 Ãâ€" 10 kg/m3. Mars, the smallest of the terrestrial planets by density, is only around 70% as dense as Earth. Earth is classified as the largest of the terrestrial planets based on its circumference and diameter as well. At the equator, Earths circumference is 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16 km). It is slightly smaller between the North and South poles at 24,859.82 miles (40,008 km). Earths diameter at the poles is 7,899.80 miles (12,713.5 km) while it is 7,926.28 miles (12,756.1 km) at the equator. For comparison, the largest planet in Earths solar system, Jupiter, has a diameter of 88,846 miles (142,984 km). Earths Shape Earths circumference and diameter differ because its shape is classified as an oblate spheroid or ellipsoid, instead of a true sphere. This means that instead of being of equal circumference in all areas, the poles are squished, resulting in a bulge at the equator, and thus a larger circumference and diameter there. The equatorial bulge at Earths equator is measured at 26.5 miles (42.72 km) and is caused by the planets rotation and gravity. Gravity itself causes planets and other celestial bodies to contract and form a sphere. This is because it pulls all the mass of an object as close to the center of gravity (the Earths core in this case) as possible. Because Earth rotates, this sphere is distorted by the centrifugal force. This is the force that causes objects to move outward away from the center of gravity. Therefore, as the Earth rotates, centrifugal force is greatest at the equator so it causes a slight outward bulge there, giving that region a larger circumference and diameter. Local topography also plays a role in the Earths shape, but on a global scale, its role is very small. The largest differences in local topography across the globe are Mount Everest, the highest point above sea level at 29,035 ft (8,850 m), and the Mariana Trench, the lowest point below sea level at 35,840 ft (10,924 m). This difference is only a matter of about 12 miles (19 km), which is quite minor overall. If the equatorial bulge is considered, the worlds highest point and the place that is farthest from the Earths center is the peak of the volcano Chimborazo in Ecuador as it is the highest peak that is nearest the equator. Its elevation is 20,561 ft (6,267 m). Geodesy To ensure that the Earths size and shape are studied accurately, geodesy, a branch of science responsible for measuring the Earths size and shape with surveys and mathematical calculations is used. Throughout history, geodesy was a significant branch of science as early scientists and philosophers attempted to determine the Earths shape. Aristotle is the first person credited with trying to calculate Earths size and was, therefore, an early geodesist. The Greek philosopher Eratosthenes followed and was able to estimate the Earths circumference at 25,000 miles, only slightly higher than todays accepted measurement. In order to study the Earth and use geodesy today, researchers often refer to the ellipsoid, geoid, and datums. An ellipsoid in this field is a theoretical mathematical model that shows a smooth, simplistic representation of the Earths surface. It is used to measure distances on the surface without having to account for things like elevation changes and landforms. To account for the reality of the Earths surface, geodesists use the geoid which is a shape that is constructed using the global mean sea level and as a result takes elevation changes into account. The basis of all geodetic work today though is the datum. These are sets of data that act as reference points for global surveying work. In geodesy, there are two main datums used for transportation and navigation in the U.S. and they make up a portion of the National Spatial Reference System. Today, technology like satellites and global positioning systems (GPS) allow geodesists and other scientists to make extremely accurate measurements of the Earths surface. In fact, it is so accurate, geodesy can allow for worldwide navigation but it also allows researchers to measure small changes in the Earths surface down to the centimeter level to obtain the most accurate measurements of the Earths size and shape.